What is Dvija in Hinduism?
1. Introduction
'Dvija' is rooted in the Sanskrit words 'Dvi' (two) and 'ja' (birth), signifying 'a person who has been born again.' This rebirth, however, is not physical but a profound spiritual and mental transformation, a journey towards enlightenment and deep spiritual connection that can inspire and deeply connect one to the spiritual aspect of Hinduism.
Specific communities in Hinduism follow a unique tradition called Upanayana (Yajnopaveeta Sanskara) to attain the honour of being a Dvija. This tradition, a dedication to education, religion, and social service, is not just a step but a significant milestone in becoming a Dvija, carrying the weight of its importance in Hinduism.
In Hinduism, the term 'Dvija by birth' is less prevalent than 'Karmata Dvija'. 'Dvija by birth' suggests that one becomes a Dvija simply by being born into a Brahmin, Kshatriya, or Vaishya family. On the other hand, 'Karmata Dvija' implies that one can become a Dvija only through proper education, Upanayana Sanskara, and rituals, regardless of birth caste.
Why did the emphasis come into existence? What is its importance? What are the rituals behind it? This article explains in detail.
2. What is Dvija?
The meaning of the word "Dvija."
The word "Dvija" is a combination of the Sanskrit words "Dvi" (two) and "Ja" (birth). It means "one who is born for the second time."
Now you may be wondering – we are born only once, so what is the second birth?
The concept of "second birth."
According to Hindu tradition, the first birth in a human life is the physical birth through the parents. However, becoming a Dvija is not just a status; it's a profound spiritual transformation.
This change begins with the auspicious event called "Upanayana". In this work, a boy prepares to learn the Vedas and Dharmashastras from a guru by performing Yajnopavita Dharana (wearing the sacred Tirtha Sutra). This initiation of education gives him a feeling of a second birth.
Who are the Dvijas?
In Hinduism, only Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas are considered Dvijas. Dvijas should study the Vedas through Upanayana and build their lives in a way that is helpful to society.
By practising Dvija, a person learns everything above and increases their responsibilities. According to the Shastras, a Dvija should lead a moral life, follow the truth, and practice Dharma. These ethical responsibilities are not just a duty but a source of inspiration for a righteous life.
While this is so, the Puranas say that Shudras, women, and some other classes were outside this tradition. However, in contemporary society, education and moral values are provided equally to everyone, emphasising the inclusivity of modern interpretations of Dvija and making everyone feel included and part of an inclusive society.
In short, Dvija is not just a status but a way of life. It is the path that leads to higher thoughts, social service, and proper education.
3. Yajnopavita Samskara (Upanayana)
Upanayana (Yajnopavita Samskara) is a sacred tradition in Hinduism. It is the first step in preparing a boy for education, religion, and a moral life. Only after completing this tradition is a person considered a "dvija" (second-born).
Religious Significance of Upanayana
Upanayana is one of the most important sacred samskaras in Hinduism. It is also commonly called "Brahmopadesam".
Through this tradition, the boy receives the Gayatri Mantra, which is like a gateway to spiritual education for him. The Guru or father recites this mantra, which the boy must chant.
"Gurukul Vidya Lakhna" – After completing the Upanayanam, the boy has to go to the Gurukul and learn the Vedas, Dharma Shastras, Weaponry (for Kshatriyas), and Business (for Vaishyas).
Wearing the "Tirtha Sutra (Yajnopaveeta)" is also essential to this program. It is a sacred thread made of three strands, which means –
1. Devotion to the gods
2. Gratitude to the ancestors
3. Responsibility to the Guru and society
After completing this thread, the boy is ready to lead a moral life as a follower of Hindu Dharma.
Classes considered as dual (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya)
According to the Varna system in Hinduism, only Brahmins, Kshatriyas, and Vaishyas are eligible to receive Upanayanam.
Brahmins – were important in the study of the Vedas and performed religious and worship duties.
Kshatriyas are the social class tasked with the roles of kings and warriors and safeguarding society.
Vaishyas are the class that provides services in business and agriculture.
These three classes obtain duality through Upanayana. Ancient scriptures state that Shudras and other courses do not have this right. However, in today's society, with education being accessible to everyone, this system has changed.
Upanayana is the initial stage in which a boy enters education and adopts a religious life. It is not just a status but a path that leads a person towards a righteous life.
What is your opinion on the extent to which this tradition continues in a society that has become a sensation?
4. Dharma and Responsibilities
A Dvija is not just a status but a way of life. A person who becomes a Dvija has to follow some essential responsibilities and Dharma. These responsibilities extend from personal life to community service.
Duties of a Dvija
Veda study: The most essential task for a Dvija is to read the Vedas and Shastras and adopt their qualities in life. After Upanayana, learning the Vedas through the education of Gurukuls is the primary duty of a Dvija. This study is not just a scholarly pursuit but a means to understand and uphold the principles of Dharma and righteousness.
Truthfulness should guide our actions and decisions. Embracing honesty fosters trust and strengthens our relationships. By prioritising truthfulness, we create an environment where open communication thrives, and integrity prioritises our commitment to being truthful in all aspects of our lives. A Dvija should always be honest. One should not lie, cheat, or follow moral values.
Yajna & Dharmakaya—A Dvija should follow the path of Dharma by performing prayers, sacrifices, and yajnas. Brahmins should perform pujas, Kshatriyas should follow royal Dharma and protect the people, and Vaishyas should provide financial stability to society.
Nonviolence & Forgiveness—A Dwija should live with tolerance and humanity and follow the path of nonviolence.
Respect for Guru and Parents—A Dwija should always listen to the Guru and parents and make critical decisions only after obtaining their permission.
Vedic Study & Gurukul Education System
What is the life of a Gurukul like?
A Gurukul is not like an ordinary school. It is a Vedic training centre.
Students there live a pure life and learn the Vedas, Upanishads, Dharmashastras, Kshatriya Vidya (warfare education) or business education.
Brahmacharya emphasises the importance of adhering to specific guidelines for a focused and disciplined life. By highlighting these principles, individuals can cultivate self-control and enhance personal growth. That is, one should not eat too much food, avoid addictions, and follow strict rules.
As the Guru instructed, one should be service-minded and help in the Gurukul's work.
Before thinking that being a Dwija is just a special status, one should also understand the responsibilities involved.
Study of the Vedas, education by the Gurukuls, practice of Dharma, and service to society – all these are the essential responsibilities of a Dviju.
Following these values will allow you to experience Dvija fully!
Now tell me – what changes have these traditions undergone in today's times?
5. Dvija concept in modern times
As times change, our way of life and thinking also change. Although the concept of Dvija still has its former importance in Hinduism, new trends have emerged in its idea with the changes in society.
Contemporary perspective
Today, Dvija is not just a status but a practical way of life. In ancient times, the concept of Dvija became intricately woven into the processes of Upanayana, Vedas, and the education provided by Gurukuls. These elements profoundly influenced the lives of the Dvijas, shaping their spiritual and intellectual journeys. However, today, society's perspective on this has changed due to the change in the education system and the new forms of lifestyles.
Spiritual dualism: Nowadays, dualism is seen not only in terms of caste but also in moral values, knowledge and spirituality. According to Sanatana Dharma, anyone can be a true dualist, depending on their lifestyle.
Educational dualism: There are no restrictions; only Brahmins should learn the Vedas. Anyone can study Hindu religious texts and lead a moral life. It is a contemporary form of the concept of genuine dualism.
New concept of equality—Nowadays, instead of limiting dualism to just one class, society increasingly accepts that anyone can become a dualist through education, knowledge, and morality.
Social changes & development
Education is becoming accessible to all. Earlier, only those who had taken the Upanayanam could learn the Vedas. But now everyone has the freedom of education, and anyone can learn the Vedas and Upanishads.
Increasing social equality: Earlier, only the dualists were important in religion and politics. But, now everyone has equal rights, and personal qualities and hard work have become more critical than caste and colour.
Decline in Upanayana & Yajnopaveeta Dharana: In modern society, the number of people who practice Upanayana has decreased even in Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya families. It is mainly due to lifestyle changes and the increased importance of work.
Increase in practical practice over morality: Earlier, a Dvija had to follow strict rules and recite the Vedas regularly. The Dvija concept has expanded further in the direction of humanity, morality and social service.
Many believe that the Dvija concept is not just a status but a spiritual and educational path.
Those best in education, morality, and social service are considered true Dvijas.
With the increased inequality in society, not just a few groups, but everyone has the opportunity to follow the Dvija concept.
What do you think? Is it necessary to continue the dualistic tradition in modern times? Or should we invent new paths as society evolves?
6. Conclusion
Importance of Dvija tradition
Dvija tradition is critical in Hinduism. In ancient society, it was not just a status or symbol but a collection of knowledge, information, morality, spirituality, and responsibilities. To be a Dvija, one does not just have to study Upanayana; those who follow Dharma and serve society are the true Dvijas.
In ancient times, Dvija was mainly limited to the Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaishya classes. But, in today's society, Dvija should be considered valid knowledge, practice, and good qualities. Even if a person does not study the Vedas, if he follows good human values and serves society - he can also be considered a Dvija.
Combination of antiquity and modernity
No matter how much the world changes, the fundamental values and righteous life will never change. Balance is possible only by combining the essential roots of the ancient Dvija tradition with modern society.
Antiquity—Education, morality, community service, respect for teachers, devotion to religion, and knowledge of the ultimate meaning present in the Dvija tradition are still necessary.
Modernity: Instead of limiting Dvija to colour, anyone who has good conduct and is helpful to society should be considered a Dvija.
In short, the true meaning of the Dvija tradition is philosophy, community service, and devotion to religion. Hinduism constantly changes with the times, so the concept of Dvija will inevitably change according to society's development.
What is your opinion? How can ancient traditions be balanced with modern society?